John Berger is a British novelist and screenwriter, mostly known for the book ‘Ways of seeing’. This book had declared war on traditional ways of how people think about art and had influenced a generation of artists and teachers. Berger was also a public intellectual who became a countercultural celebrity in 1970’s. John Berger’s intention was to upend what he saw as centuries of elitist critical tradition that evaluated artworks mostly formally, ignoring their social and political context, and the series came to be seen as an assault on the historian Kenneth Clark’s lofty “Civilisation,” the landmark 1969 BBC series about the glories of Western art.(R.Kennedy,2017) Throughout various subjects, Burger tunneled into the sexism groundworks and the tradition of the nude; the place of high art in an image-saturated modern world. The relationship between art and advertising and/or particular importance to him as a voice. Through his book, Berger had examined images to make larger cultural observations, like how the depiction of woman in art revealed that period’s attitude towards gender. (The week,2017) When an image is presented as a work of art, the way people look at it is affected by a whole series of assumptions about art. Assumptions concerning beauty, truth, genius, civilisation, form, status, task and more. Various of these assumptions no longer accord with the world as it is. ‘The world as it is’ is more than pure objective fact, it includes consciousness. They mystify rather than clarify. (J.Berger,1972) References:
Allwood, Emma. "Why We Still Need John Berger’S Ways Of Seeing". Dazed. N.p., 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017. Berger, John. Ways Of Seeing. 1st ed. 1972. Print. "How John Berger Changed Our Way Of Seeing Art". The Conversation. N.p., 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017 . "John Berger, Art Critic And Author Of Ways Of Seeing, Dies - BBC News". BBC News. N.p., 2017. Web. 29 Apr. 2017. Livingstone, Josephine. "Beyond John Berger’S Ways Of Seeing". New Republic. Web. 29 Apr. 2017.
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When looking for information over the internet is it not just all about looking for something and the first source you will find is good. Are you sure that the information is good? There are sources which are trusted and those not. Internet and books are different, books not everybody is able to just write something and publish it, that written information will be verified by the publisher. However, the internet is a whole different story, there are sources that everybody can upload information, information that might be wrong, and this is where students should be careful when looking for information.
There are several aspects how to identify a good or bad source, firstly, grammar, look for spelling mistakes. If researchers notice a lot of grammar mistakes in a text it can only say that the text is not coming from a reliable person. If a source needs to be trusted, the information should be written at least in a well written language. Usually trusted websites are to be written in academic writing coming from scholarly sources. Scholarly sources are written and peer-reviewed by experts in that field. What one should look for in a text, the author, who wrote the information, publisher, the main purpose of the site, for which audience the site is intended? and What type of quality of information the website is delivering? If all this information is provided in a website these will be first indications of a trusted source. Sources that are fully trusted are those that cite their text, stating from where the written information was provided and from where the study was done. ReferencesAnon, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.edb.utexas.edu/petrosino/Legacy_Cycle/mf_jm/Challenge%201/website%20reliable.pdf [Accessed 23 Apr. 2017]. Library.illinois.edu. (2017). Determine If a Source Is Scholarly. [online] Available at: http://www.library.illinois.edu/ugl/howdoi/scholarly.html [Accessed 23 Apr. 2017]. Uknowit.uwgb.edu. (2017). How can I tell if a website is credible?. [online] Available at: https://uknowit.uwgb.edu/page.php?id=30276 [Accessed 23 Apr. 2017]. In reference to the eras when men were dominating the film and photography industry, photographer Marianna Rothen tried to create an identity that bridges the images from the past and brings them into today’s context. ‘ I’ve been photographing women ever since I can remember; it has always been part of my work. I was surrounded by a lot of female energy as a model, and of course these characters that I create are different projections of myself. I look to female complexities, showing struggles, hopes and dreams.’ (M.Rothen, 2016). Another photographer, Zoe Buckman created a project that shows how societies are oversaturated with representations of women as an object and how they serve as a desire stimulus to the male eyes. ‘I believe this to be a massive problem contributing to rape culture, sexism and inequality. The art world abundantly perpetuates the male gaze and its consequent effect on shaping our view of women. The male gaze affects my work significantly as I find myself constantly countering it, [focusing on] what grows inside our bodies (placentas), to what goes on our bodies (lingerie), to what goes inside our bodies (gynecological instruments). Women are present everywhere in my studio, yet the body and face itself is distinctly absent. It’s my way of avoiding fetishizing or objectifying women. I don’t want to see women hanging on walls or on pedestals anymore.’ (Z.Buckman, 2016). The cinematic gaze is always produced as masculine both by means of the identification produced with the male hero and through the use of the camera. Mulvey identifies two manners in which Hollywood cinema produces pleasure, manners which arise from different mental mechanisms. Both mechanisms represent the mental desires of the male subject.
References : Banks, Grace. "6 Female Artists On What The Male Gaze Means To Them - Man Repeller". Man Repeller. N.p., 2016. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. christimothy12. "Laura Mulvey, The Male Gaze". Slideshare.net. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Mulvey, Laura, Rachel Rose, and Mark Lewis. 'Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema' 1975. 1st ed. Print. Sampson, Rachael. "Film Theory 101 – Laura Mulvey: The Male Gaze Theory". Film Inquiry. N.p., 2015. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. ""Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema" - Laura Mulvey - Summary And Review (Part 1)". Culturalstudiesnow.blogspot.com.mt. Web. 15 Apr. 2017. Laura Mulvey (born 15 August 1941) is a British feminist film theorist. Laura Mulvey is best known for her essay & thoughts, 'Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’, written in 1973 and published in 1975 in the influential British film theory journal screen. Her article, which was influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan, is one of the first major essays that helped shift the orientation of film theory towards a psychoanalytic framework. Prior to Mulvey, film theorists such as Jean-Louis Baudry and Christian Metz used psychoanalytic ideas in their theoretical accounts of the cinema. Mulvey's contribution, however, inaugurated the intersection of film theory, psychoanalysis and feminism. (R.Sampson,2015) Laura Mulvey also states that she intended to use Freud and Lacan’s Concepts as a political weapon. (Mulvey,1975 Vol.16) Throughout her work she employed some of their concepts to argue that the cinematic apparatus of classic Hollywood cinema inevitably put the spectator in a masculine subject position, with the figure of the woman on the screen as the object of desire and the ‘Male gaze’. The first form of pleasure relates to what Freud termed as scopophilia or the pleasure derived from subjecting someone to one's gaze. The second form of pleasure other which operates alongside the scopophilia is the identification with the represented character which is brought about by needs stemming from the Freudian Ego. In theory the male gaze suggests that it denies woman human identity, relegating them to the status of objects to be admired for physical appearance. The theory also suggests that woman can more often than not only watch a film from a secondary perspective and only view themselves from a man’s perspective. Laura Mulvey also states that the male gaze leads to Hegemonic ideologies within societies. Mulvey argues, for woman the result of media being presented from the perspective of man and through the male gaze, woman find themselves, at times taking of the male gaze. She also states that feminists recognise modernist avant-garde "as relevant to their own struggle to develop a radical approach to art.” (M. Jacobus, 1978). Woman then gaze at other woman in the same way as a man would, and thus end up objectifying other woman. Laura Mulvey states that the role of a female character in a narrative has two functions, the first being as an erotic object for the characters within the narrative to be viewed and the second to be as an erotic object for the spectators within the camera view. (Mulvey, 1975, vol. 16) References :
Banks, Grace. "6 Female Artists On What The Male Gaze Means To Them - Man Repeller". Man Repeller. N.p., 2016. Web. 8 Apr. 2017. christimothy12. "Laura Mulvey, The Male Gaze". Slideshare.net. Web. 8 Apr. 2017. Mulvey, Laura, Rachel Rose, and Mark Lewis. 'Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema' 1975. 1st ed. Print. Sampson, Rachael. "Film Theory 101 – Laura Mulvey: The Male Gaze Theory". Film Inquiry. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2017. ""Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema" - Laura Mulvey - Summary And Review (Part 1)". Culturalstudiesnow.blogspot.com.mt. Web. 8 Apr. 2017. Still life which goes back to the 16th century is about arraigning props together and give them a whole different look, it is all about depicting intimate objects which can be found for example in our homes. In still life paintings three very important aspects which one should be careful about are the colours, texture and composition. Subjects that are very popular to be used in such paintings are natural objects such as food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks and shells, also subjects that are man-made such as drinking glasses, books, vases, jewellery and coins. The mentioned objects often are chosen for a reason for example it might have a special meaning to the painter, being either personal, cultural, religious or philosophical. Andy Warhol's Campbell soup cans. No doubt you have seen this famous Pop Art image at some point during your lifetime. Take an ordinary soup can - it's just an everyday object that you wouldn't think twice about as you drop it into your shopping cart. But Warhol's treatment of the subject matter made the soup can colossal, larger than life, an image to be reckoned with! (T. McArdle, 2008). Analysing a painting In this image one can see four different objects, a toy duck, candy wrapped in a clear plastic, tootsle pop and a shine marble, the very common aspect about this painting is the predominating colours yellow and orange which gives the image a similar colour scheme. Function, what is the everyday use of these objects, well one thing which instantly come to mind is that all are childlike fun (candles give great pleasure and toys bring great joy).
References: Art is Fun. (2017). Still Life Paintings and Drawings Explained. [online] Available at: https://www.art-is-fun.com/still-life-paintings/ [Accessed 1 Apr 2017]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2017). still-life painting. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/art/still-life-painting [Accessed 1 Apr 2017]. |
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